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Escape sequences are used in the programming languages C and C++, and their design was copied in many other languages such as Java and C#. An escape sequence is a sequence of characters that does not represent itself when used inside a character or string literal, but is translated into another character or a sequence of characters that may be difficult or impossible to represent directly.

In C, all escape sequences consist of two or more characters, the first of which is the backslash, (called the 'Escape character'); the remaining characters determine the interpretation of the escape sequence. For example, n is an escape sequence that denotes a newline character.

When a character is preceded by a backslash ( ), it is called an escape sequence and it has a special meaning to the compiler. For example, in the following statement is a valid character and it is called a new line character − char ch = ' '. Escape sequences are used in the programming languages C and C, and their design was copied in many other languages such as Java and C#. Therefore C/C compilers step through these strings and look for escape sequences to translate them into seperate characters. For example ' n' is an escape sequence which represents a new line (ASCII code 0x0A). This is seperate from both the ' ' character (ASCII code 0x5C) and 'n' character (0x6E). An octal escape sequence terminates at the first character that's not an octal digit, if encountered sooner than the third digit. The highest possible octal value is 377. A hexadecimal escape sequence is a backslash followed by the character x, followed by a sequence of one or more hexadecimal digits. Leading zeroes are ignored. Because there is no such escape sequence defined in C. Escape sequences in which the character following the backslash is not listed (.) are conditionally-supported, with implementation-defined semantics. So the string you're looking for is with only two slashes.

Motivation[edit]

Suppose we want to print out Hello, on one line, followed by world! on the next line. One could attempt to represent the string to be printed as a single literal as follows:

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This is not valid in C, since a string literal may not span multiple logical source lines. This can be worked around by printing the newline character using its numerical value (0x0A in ASCII),

This instructs the program to print Hello,, followed by the byte whose numerical value is 0x0A, followed by world!. While this will indeed work when the machine uses the ASCII encoding, it will not work on systems that use other encodings, that have a different numerical value for the newline character. It is also not a good solution because it still does not allow to represent a newline character inside a literal, and instead takes advantage of the semantics of printf. In order to solve these problems and ensure maximum portability between systems, C interprets n inside a literal as a newline character, whatever that may be on the target system:

In this code, the escape sequencen does not stand for a backslash followed by the letter n, because the backslash causes an 'escape' from the normal way characters are interpreted by the compiler. After seeing the backslash, the compiler expects another character to complete the escape sequence, and then translates the escape sequence into the bytes it is intended to represent. Thus, 'Hello,nworld!' represents a string with an embedded newline, regardless of whether it is used inside printf or anywhere else.

This raises the issue of how to represent an actual backslash inside a literal. This is done by using the escape sequence , as seen in the next section.

Some languages don't have escape sequences, for example Pascal. Instead a command including a newline would be used (writeln includes a newline, write excludes it).

Table of escape sequences[edit]

Download game infinite flight simulator apkpure. The following escape sequences are defined in standard C. This table also shows the values they map to in ASCII. However, these escape sequences can be used on any system with a C compiler, and may map to different values if the system does not use a character encoding based on ASCII.

Escape sequence	Hex value in ASCII	Character represented
a	07	Alert (Beep, Bell) (added in C89)^[1]
b	08	Backspace
e^{note 1}	1B	Escape character
f	0C
n	0A	Newline (Line Feed); see notes below
r	0D	Carriage Return
t	09	Horizontal Tab
v	0B	Vertical Tab
	5C	Backslash
'	27	Apostrophe or single quotation mark
'	22	Double quotation mark
?	3F	Question mark (used to avoid trigraphs)
nnn^{note 2}	any	The byte whose numerical value is given by nnn interpreted as an octal number
xhh…	any	The byte whose numerical value is given by hh… interpreted as a hexadecimal number
uhhhh^{note 3}	none	Unicodecode point below 10000 hexadecimal
Uhhhhhhhh^{note 4}	none	Unicode code point where h is a hexadecimal digit

Note 1.^ Common non-standard code; see the Notes section below.

Note 2.^ There may be one, two, or three octal numerals n present; see the Notes section below.

Note 3.^ u takes 4 hexadecimal digits h; see the Notes section below.

Note 4.^ U takes 8 hexadecimal digits h; see the Notes section below.

Notes[edit]

n produces one byte, despite the fact that the platform may use more than one byte to denote a newline, such as the DOS/Windows CR-LF sequence, 0x0D 0x0A. The translation from 0x0A to 0x0D 0x0A on DOS and Windows occurs when the byte is written out to a file or to the console, and the inverse translation is done when text files are read.

A hex escape sequence must have at least one hex digit following x, with no upper bound; it continues for as many hex digits as there are. Thus, for example, xABCDEFG denotes the byte with the numerical value ABCDEF₁₆, followed by the letter G, which is not a hex digit. However, if the resulting integer value is too large to fit in a single byte, the actual numerical value assigned is implementation-defined. Most platforms have 8-bit char types, which limits a useful hex escape sequence to two hex digits. However, hex escape sequences longer than two hex digits might be useful inside a wide character or wide string literal(prefixed with L):

An octal escape sequence consists of followed by one, two, or three octal digits. The octal escape sequence ends when it either contains three octal digits already, or the next character is not an octal digit. For example, 11 is a single octal escape sequence denoting a byte with numerical value 9 (11 in octal), rather than the escape sequence 1 followed by the digit 1. However, 1111 is the octal escape sequence 111

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